300 ESTUDOS SOBRE L-CARNITINA

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11. Rebouche CJ. Ascorbic acid and carnitine biosynthesis. Am J Clin Nutr. (1991)
12. Thoma WJ, Henderson LM. Effect of vitamin C deficiency on hydroxylation of trimethylaminobutyrate to carnitine in the guinea pig. Biochim Biophys Acta. (1984)
13. Utilization of Dietary Precursors for Carnitine Synthesis in Human Adults.
14. Suskind DL. Nutritional deficiencies during normal growth. Pediatr Clin North Am. (2009)
15. Robles-Valdes C, McGarry JD, Foster DW. Maternal-fetal carnitine relationship and neonatal ketosis in the rat. J Biol Chem. (1976)
16. Cederblad G, Svenningsen N. Plasma carnitine and breast milk carnitine intake in premature infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. (1986)
17. Hizel S, et al. Plasma free carnitine levels in 0-12-month-old infants in relation to feeding styles. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. (2006)
18. Weaver LT, et al. Carnitine deficiency: a possible cause of gastrointestinal dysmotility. Acta Paediatr. (1992)
19. Carnitine status of lactoovovegetarians and strict vegetarian adults and children.
20. Krajcovicová-Kudlácková M, et al. Correlation of carnitine levels to methionine and lysine intake. Physiol Res. (2000)
21. Carnitine function and requirements during the life cycle.
22. Liepinsh E, et al. Mildronate treatment alters γ-butyrobetaine and l-carnitine concentrations in healthy volunteers. J Pharm Pharmacol. (2011)
23. Keller U, et al. Carnitine status of pregnant women: effect of carnitine supplementation and correlation between iron status and plasma carnitine concentration. Eur J Clin Nutr. (2009)
24. Ringseis R, et al. Low availability of carnitine precursors as a possible reason for the diminished plasma carnitine concentrations in pregnant women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. (2010)
25. Malaguarnera M.; Pistone G.; Receputo G.; Rapisarda R.; Tomasello F.B.; Motta M.; Maugeri D. Serum Carnitine Levels in Centenarians. Clinical Drug Investigation. (1999)
26. Malaguarnera M, et al. L-Carnitine treatment reduces severity of physical and mental fatigue and increases cognitive functions in centenarians: a randomized and controlled clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr. (2007)
27. Pistone G, et al. Levocarnitine administration in elderly subjects with rapid muscle fatigue: effect on body composition, lipid profile and fatigue. Drugs Aging. (2003)
28. Role of Carnitine in Disease.
29. Cuturic M, et al. Clinical outcomes and low-dose levocarnitine supplementation in psychiatric inpatients with documented hypocarnitinemia: a retrospective chart review. J Psychiatr Pract. (2010)
30. Răşanu T, et al. Carnitine deficiency. Rom J Morphol Embryol. (2012)
31. Amat di San Filippo C, et al. Cardiomyopathy and carnitine deficiency. Mol Genet Metab. (2008)
32. Systemic Primary Carnitine Deficiency.
33. Silvério R, et al. l-carnitine and cancer cachexia: Clinical and experimental aspects. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. (2011)
34. Cruciani RA, et al. L-carnitine supplementation in patients with advanced cancer and carnitine deficiency: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Pain Symptom Manage. (2009)
35. Cruciani RA, et al. L-carnitine supplementation for the treatment of fatigue and depressed mood in cancer patients with carnitine deficiency: a preliminary analysis.Ann N Y Acad Sci. (2004)
36. Gramignano G, et al. Efficacy of l-carnitine administration on fatigue, nutritional status, oxidative stress, and related quality of life in 12 advanced cancer patients undergoing anticancer therapy. Nutrition. (2006)
37. Cruciani RA, et al. Safety, tolerability and symptom outcomes associated with L-carnitine supplementation in patients with cancer, fatigue, and carnitine deficiency: a phase I/II study. J Pain Symptom Manage. (2006)
38. Spasov AA, et al. Effects of L-, D-, and DL-carnitine on morphometric parameters of skeletal muscle and exercise performance of laboratory animals receiving carnitine-deficient diet. Bull Exp Biol Med. (2006)
39. Gross CJ, Henderson LM, Savaiano DA. Uptake of L-carnitine, D-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine by isolated guinea-pig enterocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta. (1986)
40. Rebouche CJ. Effect of dietary carnitine isomers and gamma-butyrobetaine on L-carnitine biosynthesis and metabolism in the rat. J Nutr. (1983)
41. Rebouche CJ, Engel AG. Carnitine metabolism and deficiency syndromes. Mayo Clin Proc. (1983)
42. Vermeulen RC, Scholte HR. Exploratory open label, randomized study of acetyl- and propionylcarnitine in chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychosom Med. (2004)
43. Wiseman LR, Brogden RN. Propionyl-L-carnitine. Drugs Aging. (1998)
44. The Mitochondriotropic Effects of L-carnitine and its Esters in the Central Nervous System.
45. Mingorance C, et al. Critical update for the clinical use of L-carnitine analogs in cardiometabolic disorders. Vasc Health Risk Manag. (2011)
46. Zammit VA. Carnitine acyltransferases: functional significance of subcellular distribution and membrane topology. Prog Lipid Res. (1999)
47. Brevetti G, et al. Superiority of L-propionylcarnitine vs L-carnitine in improving walking capacity in patients with peripheral vascular disease: an acute, intravenous, double-blind, cross-over study. Eur Heart J. (1992)
48. Bloomer RJ, Tschume LC, Smith WA. Glycine propionyl-L-carnitine modulates lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide in human subjects. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. (2009)
49. Eder K, et al. Free and total carnitine concentrations in pig plasma after oral ingestion of various L-carnitine compounds. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. (2005)
50. Tein I. Carnitine transport: pathophysiology and metabolism of known molecular defects. J Inherit Metab Dis. (2003)
51. Lahjouji K, Mitchell GA, Qureshi IA. Carnitine transport by organic cation transporters and systemic carnitine deficiency. Mol Genet Metab. (2001)
52. Schürch R, et al. The plasma carnitine concentration regulates renal OCTN2 expression and carnitine transport in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. (2010)
53. Ciacci C, et al. L-Carnitine in the treatment of fatigue in adult celiac disease patients: a pilot study. Dig Liver Dis. (2007)
54. Sahajwalla CG, et al. Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of L-carnitine 330-mg tablet versus 1-g chewable tablet versus enteral solution in healthy adult male volunteers. J Pharm Sci. (1995)
55. Mancinelli A, et al. Disposition of L-carnitine and its short-chain esters, acetyl-L-carnitine and propionyl-L-carnitine, in the rat isolated perfused liver. Drug Metab Dispos. (2000)
56. Zhang S, et al. Enhanced bioavailability of L-carnitine after painless intradermal delivery vs. oral administration in rats. Pharm Res. (2011)
57. Cao Y, et al. Single dose administration of L-carnitine improves antioxidant activities in healthy subjects. Tohoku J Exp Med. (2011)
58. Kwon OS, Chung YB. HPLC determination and pharmacokinetics of endogenous acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) in human volunteers orally administered a single dose of ALC. Arch Pharm Res. (2004)
59. Cao Y, et al. Comparison of pharmacokinetics of L-carnitine, acetyl-L-carnitine and propionyl-L-carnitine after single oral administration of L-carnitine in healthy volunteers. Clin Invest Med. (2009)
60. Parnetti L, et al. Pharmacokinetics of IV and oral acetyl-L-carnitine in a multiple dose regimen in patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer type. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. (1992)
61. Marzo A, et al. Protein binding of L-carnitine family components. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. (1991)
62. Baker H, et al. Absorption and excretion of L-carnitine during single or multiple dosings in humans. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. (1993)
63. Matsumoto Y, et al. Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on renal anemia in poor responders to erythropoietin. Blood Purif. (2001)
64. Minkler PE, et al. Quantification of carnitine and acylcarnitines in biological matrices by HPLC electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Clin Chem. (2008)
65. Brass EP. Pharmacokinetic considerations for the therapeutic use of carnitine in hemodialysis patients. Clin Ther. (1995)
66. Nałecz KA, et al. Carnitine: transport and physiological functions in the brain. Mol Aspects Med. (2004)
67. Insulin stimulates L-carnitine accumulation in human skeletal muscle.
68. Ebeling P, et al. The association of acetyl-L-carnitine with glucose and lipid metabolism in human muscle in vivo: the effect of hyperinsulinemia. Metabolism. (1997)
69. Rebouche CJ. Quantitative estimation of absorption and degradation of a carnitine supplement by human adults. Metabolism. (1991)
70. Rebouche CJ, Lombard KA, Chenard CA. Renal adaptation to dietary carnitine in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. (1993)
71. Rebouche CJ, Seim H. Carnitine metabolism and its regulation in microorganisms and mammals. Annu Rev Nutr. (1998)
72. Bartlett K, Eaton S. Mitochondrial beta-oxidation. Eur J Biochem. (2004)
73. Jogl G, Hsiao YS, Tong L. Structure and function of carnitine acyltransferases. Ann N Y Acad Sci. (2004)
74. Rosca MG, Lemieux H, Hoppel CL. Mitochondria in the elderly: Is acetylcarnitine a rejuvenator. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. (2009)
75. Iossa S, et al. Acetyl-L-carnitine supplementation differently influences nutrient partitioning, serum leptin concentration and skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration in young and old rats. J Nutr. (2002)
76. Moriggi M, et al. A DIGE approach for the assessment of rat soleus muscle changes during unloading: effect of acetyl-L-carnitine supplementation. Proteomics. (2008)
77. Gadaleta MN, et al. Reduced transcription of mitochondrial DNA in the senescent rat. Tissue dependence and effect of L-carnitine. Eur J Biochem. (1990)
78. Beckman KB, Ames BN. The free radical theory of aging matures. Physiol Rev. (1998)
79. Lesnefsky EJ, Hoppel CL. Oxidative phosphorylation and aging. Ageing Res Rev. (2006)
80. Hagen TM, et al. Acetyl-L-carnitine fed to old rats partially restores mitochondrial function and ambulatory activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (1998)
81. Noland RC, et al. Carnitine insufficiency caused by aging and overnutrition compromises mitochondrial performance and metabolic control. J Biol Chem. (2009)
82. Acetyl-L-carnitine fed to old rats partially restores mitochondrial function and ambulatory activity.
83. Paradies G, et al. Effect of aging and acetyl-L-carnitine on the activity of cytochrome oxidase and adenine nucleotide translocase in rat heart mitochondria. FEBS Lett. (1994)
84. Moghaddas S, et al. Preservation of cardiolipin content during aging in rat heart interfibrillar mitochondria. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. (2002)
85. Memory loss in old rats is associated with brain mitochondrial decay and RNA/DNA oxidation: Partial reversal by feeding acetyl-L-carnitine and/or R-α-lipoic acid.
86. Liu J, et al. Delaying brain mitochondrial decay and aging with mitochondrial antioxidants and metabolites. Ann N Y Acad Sci. (2002)
87. Musicco C, et al. Rat liver mitochondrial proteome: changes associated with aging and acetyl-L-carnitine treatment. J Proteomics. (2011)
88. Chang J, et al. Effect of aging and caloric restriction on the mitochondrial proteome. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. (2007)
89. Hirai K, et al. Mitochondrial abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci. (2001)
90. Dolezal V, Tucek S. Utilization of citrate, acetylcarnitine, acetate, pyruvate and glucose for the synthesis of acetylcholine in rat brain slices. J Neurochem. (1981)
91. Smeland OB, et al. Chronic acetyl-L-carnitine alters brain energy metabolism and increases noradrenaline and serotonin content in healthy mice. Neurochem Int. (2012)
92. Villa RF, Ferrari F, Gorini A. Effect of in vivo L-acetylcarnitine administration on ATP-ases enzyme systems of synaptic plasma membranes from rat cerebral cortex.Neurochem Res. (2011)
93. Ori C, et al. Effects of acetyl-L-carnitine on regional cerebral glucose metabolism in awake rats. Brain Res. (2002)
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95. Ando S, et al. Enhancement of learning capacity and cholinergic synaptic function by carnitine in aging rats. J Neurosci Res. (2001)
96. Behaviour and Degenerative Changes in the Basal Forebrain Systems of Aged Rats (12 Months Old) after Levo-Acetyl-Carnitine Treatments.
97. Gottfries CG. Pharmacological treatment strategies in Alzheimer type dementia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. (1990)
98. Carta A, et al. Acetyl-L-carnitine and Alzheimer's disease: pharmacological considerations beyond the cholinergic sphere. Ann N Y Acad Sci. (1993)
99. Goo MJ, et al. Protective effects of acetyl-L-carnitine on neurodegenarative changes in chronic cerebral ischemia models and learning-memory impairment in aged rats. Arch Pharm Res. (2012)
100. Sharman EH, et al. Reversal of biochemical and behavioral parameters of brain aging by melatonin and acetyl L-carnitine. Brain Res. (2002)
101. Sano M, et al. Double-blind parallel design pilot study of acetyl levocarnitine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol. (1992)
102. Rai G, et al. Double-blind, placebo controlled study of acetyl-l-carnitine in patients with Alzheimer's dementia. Curr Med Res Opin. (1990)
103. Spagnoli A, et al. Long-term acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. (1991)
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105. Passeri M, et al. Mental impairment in aging: selection of patients, methods of evaluation and therapeutic possibilities of acetyl-L-carnitine. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. (1988)
106. Bonavita E. Study of the efficacy and tolerability of L-acetylcarnitine therapy in the senile brain. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. (1986)
107. Hakkou F, Jaouen C, Iraki L. A comparative study of cyproheptadine and DL carnitine on psychomotor performance and memory in healthy volunteers. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. (1990)
108. Soczynska JK, et al. Acetyl-L-carnitine and alpha-lipoic acid: possible neurotherapeutic agents for mood disorders. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. (2008)
109. Hudson S, Tabet N. Acetyl-L-carnitine for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2003)
110. Van Oudheusden LJ, Scholte HR. Efficacy of carnitine in the treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. (2002)
111. Haorah J, et al. Stabilization of superoxide dismutase by acetyl-l-carnitine in human brain endothelium during alcohol exposure: novel protective approach. Free Radic Biol Med. (2011)
112. Rump TJ, et al. Acetyl-L-carnitine protects neuronal function from alcohol-induced oxidative damage in the brain. Free Radic Biol Med. (2010)
113. Dhitavat S, et al. Acetyl-L-carnitine protects against amyloid-beta neurotoxicity: roles of oxidative buffering and ATP levels. Neurochem Res. (2002)
114. Calabrese V, et al. Acetylcarnitine induces heme oxygenase in rat astrocytes and protects against oxidative stress: involvement of the transcription factor Nrf2. J Neurosci Res. (2005)
115. Kitamura Y, et al. Effect of L-carnitine on erythroid colony formation in mouse bone marrow cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant. (2005)
116. Matsumura M, et al. Effect of L-carnitine and palmitoyl-L-carnitine on erythroid colony formation in fetal mouse liver cell culture. Am J Nephrol. (1998)
117. Plasma and red blood cell carnitine and carnitine esters during L-carnitine therapy in hemodialysis patients.
118. Strasser A, et al. L-Carnitine L-tartrate (LCLT) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) affect red and white blood cells in aged Sprague-Dawley rats. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. (2007)
119. Evans A. Dialysis-related carnitine disorder and levocarnitine pharmacology. Am J Kidney Dis. (2003)
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121. Eknoyan G, Latos DL, Lindberg J; National Kidney Foundation Carnitine Consensus Conference. Practice recommendations for the use of L-carnitine in dialysis-related carnitine disorder. National Kidney Foundation Carnitine Consensus Conference. Am J Kidney Dis. (2003)
122. Effects of L-Carnitine Supplementation in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients: A Systematic Review.
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126. Yeun JY, et al. C-Reactive protein predicts all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. (2000)
127. Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis.
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181. Fisher JS, et al. Activation of AMP kinase enhances sensitivity of muscle glucose transport to insulin. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. (2002)
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